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CURSING is a genre of ritual folklore, verbal formula, which aim to affect an object. It comes from belief about the magic of the words. It has poetic and prose form. It is uttered to attract bad luck, trouble etc. to the addressee. E.g.: “May you live without a husband! / Suffer like a goose, /Which...

CURRANT, a plant genus of the Gros sulariaceae family. There are about 150 species known. The black C. and bristly C. grow in the RB. Leaf‑losing shrubs. Grown on humid marshlands, forest edges, edges of lakes, rivers and swamps, in thickets of shrubs throughout the territory of the Republic. Valuable...

CUPRIFEROUS SANDSTONES, mostly mediumand fine‑grained rocks, composed of copper minerals: chalcosine, bornite, covelline (black copper), chalcopyrite, native copper, etc. C.s. are characteristic of arid lagoon‑delta deposits and are distinguished by greenish‑gray or gray colour against the prevailing...

CULTURAL AND LEISURE INSTITUTIONS, provide leisure to the population and create conditions for amateur art grops. In Bashkortostan, cultural and leisure activities are developed by an extensive network of institutions, including city and district palaces of culture and rural clubs. There are libraries,...

CULTURAL  HERO  is  a  mythological character acquiring or creating living conditions for people (e.g. fire, tools, cultural plants etc.). He teaches them to hunt, to do crafts, art, create social organization, magical rules, rituals, holidays etc. C.H. is also considered as one who participated in...

CULTS (from Latin cultus – obeisance, worship) is religious worship to some object, real or fantasy creatures that have supernatural features. Religious and magic activity and the objects related to them (sacred images, sanctuaries, temples etc.) are the constituents of C. Many peoples of RB are known...

CULT OF ANCESTORS, religious veneration of the souls of the deceased ancestors. With Bashkirs, it was an element of traditional pre‑Islamic beliefs. Having changed, it partially survived and found reflection in the various aspects of culture. Faith in the inextricable connection with ancestors contributed...

CUCULIFORMES, an order of birds. There are 2 known families with about 150 species, mostly non‑migratory birds. There are 2 species of Cuculidae families in the RB, mostly migratory birds. The oriental cuckoo’s body length range is 30–32 cm, body mass range is 70–150 g, the common cuckoo’s body length...

CUCKOO’S TEA is a Bashkir and Tatar ritual celebration dedicated to spring primroses, awakening of the nature and cult of the cuckoo. It took part during the spring­summer period (late April – mid­July), when a cuckoo started to make its sound. Women and girls gathered together and brought foods with...

CRUSTACEA, a subtype of antropods type. There are 6 classes (Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Ostracoda, Malacostraca, and Remipedia), and more than 17 orders with over 40,000 species throughout the globe. There are 155 species of 4 classes in the RB. Their body, which is a few mm to 80 cm...

CRAFTS, traditional occupations based on manual production. The types and characteristic features of the Bashkir C. were caused by natural and climatic peculiarities of Bashkortostan, traditional forms of economy (wild‑honey farming, agriculture, cattle breeding, etc), everyday life, historical cultural...

COUNTING-OUT RHYME is a folklore genre, rhythmized and rhymed short poem which aims to distribute roles in games. In ancient times C.­r. were used to distribute work among the members of a commune in conditions of allegorical speech (E.g., at hunting), etc. There are C.­r. with plot, C.­r. in­forms...

CORVEES (forced labour), are compulsory duties performed by the population at the behest of the state or a landowner. Since ancient times, the main corvee of the Bashkirs was military service (ref. Military Service of the Bashkirs). The increase in the number of C. was one of the reasons for the Bashkir...

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, carry out punishment in the form of imprisonment. This term is used in the Russian Federation terminology on the criminal enforcement system. In Bashkortostan, arrest and prison izbas (huts), dvors (courtyards) and ostrogs (jails) are known since the 2nd half of the 16th...

CORACIIFORMES, an order of birds. There are more than 10 families knows, with about 200 species. In the RB there are 3 species from 3 families (Coraciidae, Alcedinidae, and Meropidae). They are migratory birds of small (halcyon with body length up to 19 cm, body mass up to 25–45 g) and average (roller...

“CONVOCATION OF RUSSIANS IN BASHKORTOSTAN”, a NGO established in Ufa in 1998. The organization publishes collections of research articles, holds research­ to­practice conferences dedicated to S.T. Ak­ sakov, M.V. Nesterov, F.I. Shalyapin, etc. Since 1992, a department of Inter­Regional Shalyapin Center...

CONVENTIONAL LAW, a set of rules of conduct (customs), formed in a society as a result of their repeated application. The Bashkir applied the Law along with the Sharia until the beginning of the 20th century. The rules of the C.l. regulated all aspects of life of the Bashkir community, relations with...

CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY, the total of industries, associated with the production of mainly articles of mass consumption. Apart from ready‑to‑use products, the consumer goods industry produces semifinished products, intermediate products and materials for other enterprises. The RB is represented by textile,...

CONSTRUCTION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RB INSTITUTE, a research, design, engineering and production BashNIIstroy, GUP. Located in Ufa. Established in 1956. Main activities: research in the sphere of foundation engineering, building structures and materials; creation of building and structure construction...

CONSTRUCTION, economic branch. It includes erection, reconstruction and overhaul repair of buildings and engineering structures of various purposes, installation of engineering equipment, design, survey, drilling, etc works, associated with the erection of certain facilities. Depending on the purpose...