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EARLY PRINTED BOOK, a monument of book culture; published during a certain period after the appearance of book printing; it has design similarities with a handwritten book. The majority of the E.p.b., stored in the collections of books and manuscripts, were collected in the 20th century; the earliest...

EARTH–WATER is a dual mythologized deity in female image, protector of nature pow­ ers; an image of the Motherland. It combines male and female principles, includes the unity of time and space, a person and nature. Thus, a healing Bashkir spell describes the ancient origin of the mother­earth with a...

EASTER (Christ’s day, Resurrection of Christ, the Great day, Bright Christ’s Sunday) is the main Christian holiday dedicated to the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is held the first Sunday after the spring new moon. People clean their houses, bake kulich cakes, cook cottage paskha dish, paint eggs...

EASTERN ACADEMY OF ECONOMICS, HUMANITIES AND LAW, a private institution of higher education. Located in Ufa. Founded in 1993 under the name of Eastern External Humanitarian University, since 1994 — Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanities, Management and Law, since 2007 — the current name and status....

ECLOGITE, an over‑pressured magmatic and metamorphic rock. It is made by critical mineral association of pyrop‑grossular‑almandi of new garnet, jadeite‑diopside‑clinopiroxen (omphacite), rutile, secondary minerals (quartz, coesite, cyanite, zoisite, hornblende, and ilmenite). By its chemical composition,...

ECO TOURISM, travel to territories of wild nature in order to better understand the local culture and natural environment. It aims to not violate the integrity of ecosystems and make the protection of natural resources seen as beneficial for local residents. In Bashkortostan, the most active types of...

ECOMONIC INNOVATION, both scientific research and development, and scientific and technical achievements implementation for the purposes of new products or technological process improvement or creation. Development of innovative activity, and development of innovative programs and strategies are indispensable...

ECONOMIC TIES, the system of economic relations arising from labour differentiation, production specialization and co‑operation, proper distribution of productive forces. They develop at the level of micro‑ (between economic entities), meso‑ (between regions and territorial entities of the RF), and...

ECONOMY, a set of occupations, production tools and methods. Depending on the economy and culture, the key occupations of Bashkirs in the system of traditional E. were semi‑nomadic cattle breeding (in south. and south‑east. areas) and arable farming (west. and north.‑west.); they also engaged in hunting,...

EICHENWALD Anton Aleksandrovich (13.5. 1875–1952), composer, conductor, folklorist, music and public figure. For more than 20 years, he collected Bashkir ethnic songs and tunes, as well as studied Bashkir ethnic music. More than 4,000 samples of song folklore of the peoples of the Volga region and Central...

EID AL-FITR, one of the most important Muslim holidays. It begins on the 1st of the month of Shawwal (the 10th month of the Muslim Calendar) and lasts 3 to 4 days. It marks the end of the sawm, which is a 30‑day fast in the month of Ramadhan (the 9th month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muslims...

ELECTRIC MOTOR, an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy; most common are AC electric motors. In Bashkortostan electric motors are manufactured by the UAPO and Avtokomplekt Plant. In the 1950s, UAPO produced electric motors for aircraft, in 1960s – for motor vehicles,...

ELECTRIC-POWER INDUSTRY, industry specializing in the production, transmission and distribution of electric energy; it is the leading component of the energy sector. Brown coal, natural gas, and heavy residue serve as raw materials. A distinctive feature of the energy sector of the RB is the presence...

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY, a branch of mechanical engineering, associated with the manufacture of the electrical products for the production, transmission and consumption of electric energy. The largest industry enterprises: Avtonormal Plant, Ufimkabel, Ufa Aggregate Production Association, Elektroapparat,...

ELECTRONIC MEDIA (network media), a mode of information receiving through electronic networks and screen or radio. There are two types of E.m: 1) audiovisual and 2) newspapers, magazines, information agencies with electronic versions of their printed publications, and electronic publications in the...

ELTSIN, Boris Mikhailovich (1875, Zvenigorodka of Kiev Gub. – 27.11.1937), Soviet Communist Party Activist. Member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party since 1897. Graduated from the Novo‑rossiysky University (Odessa, 1898). He was exiled to Ufa Gub. for his revolutionary activities. Since...

EMPLOYMENT OF POPULATION, human activities, as a rule, income generating, related to satisfaction of their personal and social needs. The number of RB population employed in manufacturing, building and transportation industries in Bashkortostan decreased in the 2000s, while the number of employees of...

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, scientific, popular scientific or popular reference publications on paper and electronic media. E. represent a systematized set of knowledge, contain basic information on individual or all branches of science and practical activity, set out in the form of short articles, arranged in...

ENDEMICS, the species, phylia and other animal and plant taxons that inhabit specific, relatively limited territory. More than 110 species of endemic higher vascular plants grow in the RB, out of which 19 are apomictic difficult to be distinguished “microspecies” of the lady’s mantle phylum. In the...

ENDEMICS, the species, phylia and other animal and plant taxons that inhabit specific, relatively limited territory. More than 110 species of endemic higher vascular plants grow in the RB, out of which 19 are apomictic difficult to be distinguished “microspecies” of the lady’s mantle phylum. In the...