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CADRILLE is an ethnic and ballroom pair dance. There are Moscow C., Volga, Ural C., etc. There are ethnic dances that are the variations of C.: the dances of four, six, seven, eight, kadrel, lantse, etc. It was popular in 19th – early 20th centuries during the games and bean­feasts in Belarusian, Russian,...

CALENDAR POETRY is folklore works which are a part of natural­seasonal rituals (see Rituals). Peoples have universal ideological and functional bases of C.p.: deification and personification of living nature, belief in magical power of words (see Magic), personification of the highest celestials (Tengri,...

“CAVALRY  HORSE  WITH  A  STAR ON HIS FOREHEAD”, “A   h o r s e  w i t h  a    w h i t e   s t r i p e   o n   h i s   f o r e h e a d”, Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-kuy. First registered by A.S. Klyucharyev in 1933 from A. Karimov, a worker of the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant, published in the book “Bashkort...

CENTER OF FOLK ART r e g i o n a l. Located in Ufa. Established in 1937 in order to preserve, develop, and promote the cultural heritage of the Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Mari, Russian, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Chuvash, and other ethnicities living on the territory of RB; organize the cultural pastime...

CENTER OF TAJIK ETHNIC CULTURE N. A. I. SOMONI i n B a s h k o r t o s t a n, an NGO established in Ufa in 2000. The center participated in the 2nd (2009) and 3rd (2015) Congresses of the Bashkortostan Peoples’ Assembly, Inter-Regional Academic Workshop “Ethnic Politics and Traditional Culture” (2009),...

CHASTUSHKA is a dancing song; a genre of musical-poetic folklore. Bashkir and other C. were first recorded on phonograph on the territory of Bashkortostan in the late 19th c. By S.G. Rybakov. In 1929-31 they were registered by I.V. Saltykov and G. Bereczki, L. Vikar, A.F. Yurtov, V.G. Rodionov, F.K....

CHRISTMAS is one of the main Christian holidays dedicated to Jesus Christ’s birth. Its origin is connected with pagan beliefs about ethnic calendar rituals dedicated to the birth of the new Sun, winter solstice period (see Nardugan). It is celebrated on January 7th (December 25th, the old tradition)...

CHUVASH CULTURE SOCIETY  i n  B a s h k o r t o s t a n, an NGO established in Ufa in 1989. In cooperation with “Kanash” and Chuvash Historical Cultural Center, participated in regional celebrations, contests and festivals, and in the Chuvash cultural festival “Uyav”, youth festival of song and dance...

“CHUVASH FOLK ART” (“Chavash khalak pultarulakhe”), a systematic scientific publication. Carried out by a team of folklorists of the Research Institute of Language, Literature, History, and Economics under the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash ASSR (currently, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities,...

CHUVASH FOLK SONG art from Bashkortostan is represented by labor, wedding, commemoration, recruiter, guest, historic, love, round dance, game, joke songs, ballads, etc. Chastushki play an integral part of folklore. The songs are usually sung in one voice. Duet, two-voiced and choirs are developing mostly...

CHUVASH FOLKLORE in the Republic of Bashkortostan is represented by diverse genres (excluding epic). A great part of the collected materials is fairytales (about magic, heroes, everyday life, animals). Legends, historical lore, riddles, proverbs and idioms are widely presented. Folklore song set is...

CHUVASH HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CENTER o f t h e R B, a public organization, branch of the House of Peoples’ Friendship. Established in 2006, in the village Suuk-Chishma of Karmaskalinsky district of the RB in order to revive and preserve the language and literature, traditional forms of life, crafts,...

“COLONEL BUTISOV”, “C o l o n e l B u t a s”, Bashkir ethnic song, uzun-kui. It was firstly registered on a phonograph in the 1930’s. The variants of the poetic lyrics were registered in 1959 in Kurganskaya region by S.A. Galin, Kirey Mergen, N.D. Shunkarov. The song is lyroepic. It relates to songs...

“CONGRESS OF THE TATARS” i n B a s h k o r t o s t a n, an NGO established in Ufa in 1997. The C. Organizes the regional contest of folk bands “Let’s sing!”, regional music contest “Two Swans” dedicated to F.Y. Kudasheva and B.M. Gaysin, etc. Cooperates with the Tatar ethnic Cultural Autonomy, the Tatar...

“CONVOCATION OF RUSSIANS IN BASHKORTOSTAN”, a NGO established in Ufa in 1998. The organization publishes collections of research articles, holds research­ to­practice conferences dedicated to S.T. Ak­ sakov, M.V. Nesterov, F.I. Shalyapin, etc. Since 1992, a department of Inter­Regional Shalyapin Center...

COUNTING-OUT RHYME is a folklore genre, rhythmized and rhymed short poem which aims to distribute roles in games. In ancient times C.­r. were used to distribute work among the members of a commune in conditions of allegorical speech (E.g., at hunting), etc. There are C.­r. with plot, C.­r. in­forms...

CUCKOO’S TEA is a Bashkir and Tatar ritual celebration dedicated to spring primroses, awakening of the nature and cult of the cuckoo. It took part during the spring­summer period (late April – mid­July), when a cuckoo started to make its sound. Women and girls gathered together and brought foods with...

CULTS (from Latin cultus – obeisance, worship) is religious worship to some object, real or fantasy creatures that have supernatural features. Religious and magic activity and the objects related to them (sacred images, sanctuaries, temples etc.) are the constituents of C. Many peoples of RB are known...

CULTURAL  HERO  is  a  mythological character acquiring or creating living conditions for people (e.g. fire, tools, cultural plants etc.). He teaches them to hunt, to do crafts, art, create social organization, magical rules, rituals, holidays etc. C.H. is also considered as one who participated in...

CURSING is a genre of ritual folklore, verbal formula, which aim to affect an object. It comes from belief about the magic of the words. It has poetic and prose form. It is uttered to attract bad luck, trouble etc. to the addressee. E.g.: “May you live without a husband! / Suffer like a goose, /Which...